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OBJECTIVE：To establish a meth od for the simultaneous determination of 7 active components in Mori Australis Cortex and Mori Cortex from different sources in Chongqing area ，so as to provide reference for improving the quality control standards of Mori Australis Cortex and Mori Cortex and comparing the equivalence of their quality. METHODS ：HPLC method was used to determine the contents of neochlorogenic acid ，mulberroside A ，chlorogenic acid ，astragalin，kaempferol，morusin and isoquercetin in 58 batches of Mori Australis Cortex and Mori Cortex. The chromatographic column was Diamonsil C 18 with mobile phase consisted of 0.1％ formic acid solution-acetonitrile （gradient elution ） at the flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The detection wavelength was 280 nm，column temperature was 30 ℃，and the injection volume was 10 μL. Using SPSS 22.0 software， independent sample t-test，principal component analysis and cluster analysis were used to analyze the content difference of the above-mentioned 7 active components in Mori Australis Cortex and Mori Cortex. RESULTS ：There was a good linear relationship between the peak area and the concentration of the above 7 active components （r≥0.999 0）. The RSDs of precision ，stability（24 h），repeatability，durability and recovery were less than 3％. The average contents of neochlorogenic acid ，mulberroside A ， chlorogenic acid ， astragalin， kaempferol， morusin and 023-58576130。E-mail：1025473978@qq.com isoquercetin in Mori Australis Cortex were 0.304，22.462， 1.730，1.308，1.593，2.842 and 0.657 mg/g，respectively. Those of Mori Cortex were 0.305，22.995，2.486，2.438， 2.916，4.158 and 1.264 mg/g，respectively. The results of independent sample t-test showed that only the content of kaempferol in the above 7 active components of Mori Australis Cortex and Mori Cortex had significant difference （P＜0.05）. The results of principal component analysis and cluster analysis showed that there was no significant difference in the contents of above 7 active components between Mori Australis Cortex and Mori Cortex. CONCLUSIONS：The established HPLC method is simple ，sensitive and accurate ，which can provide a reference for improving the quality control standard of Mori Australis Cortex and Mori Cortex. Mori Australis Cortex and Mori Cortex have certain quality equivalence in main active components ，and the Mori Australis Cortex from M. australis and M. cathayana can be used as a substitute for the Mori Cortex.
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The aim of this study is to evaluate the purifying ability of 3 parallel planted filters (PF1, PF2 and PF3) composed of three plants (Phragmites australis (Cav) Trin ex Steud, Typha latifolia L., Cyperus papyrus L.) on leachates from a landfill of industrial waste in Pointe-Noire (Republic of Congo). This landfill site includes a technical landfill for ordinary industrial waste (OIW) and a technical landfill for hazardous and soiled industrial waste (SIW). In order to assess purifying ability, we sampled 14 samples over 8 weeks, with 7 samples of the raw leachates from the technical landfill center, and 7 samples of leachates cleaned after passing through the tryptic vegetable filter. The physico-chemical analyzes made it possible to determine the following parameters: TOC, COD, NO3-,PO42-, Ni, Cd, CrVI, Zn, Cu and Pb. The results showed a significant decrease in organic pollution with abatement rates in TOC and COD greater than 90%. The average removal efficiency is respectively 45.97% for nitrates and 40.2% for phosphates. The abatement rates for heavy metals range from 41.2% to 60.9% for nickel, from 52.2% to 68.5 % for cadmium, from 49% to 71.7% for chromium VI, from 59% to 74.6% for zinc, from 50.9 % to 65 % for copper and from 61.4% to 75.1% for lead. However, additional analyzes are needed to confirm the hypperaccumulator nature of these plant filters in particular absorption isotherms and kinetics of extraction of heavy metals of Phragmites australis (Cav) Trin ex Steud, Typha latifolia L., Cyperus papyrus L.)
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Abstract Population growth and urbanization pose a greater pressure for the treatment of drinking water. Additionally, different treatment units, such as decanters and filters, accumulate high concentrations of iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn), which in many cases can be discharged into the environment without any treatment when maintenance is performed. Therefore, this paper evaluates the effectiveness of vertical subsurface wetlands for Fe and Mn removal from wastewater in drinking water treatment plants, taking a pilot scale wetland with an ascending gravel bed with two types of plants: C. esculenta and P. australis in El Hormiguero (Cali, Colombia), as an example. The pilot system had three upstream vertical wetlands, two of them planted and the third one without a plant used as a control. The wetlands were arranged in parallel and each formed by three gravel beds of different diameter. The results showed no significant difference for the percentage of removal in the three wetlands for turbidity (98 %), Fe (90 %), dissolved Fe (97 %) and Mn (98 %). The dissolved oxygen presented a significant difference between the planted wetlands and the control. C. esculenta had the highest concentration of Fe in the root with (103.5 ± 20.8) μg/g; while P australis had the highest average of Fe concentrations in leaves and stem with (45.7 ± 24) μg/g and (41.4 ± 9.1) μg/g, respectively. It is concluded that subsurface wetlands can be an interesting alternative for wastewater treatment in the maintenance of drinking water treatment plants. However, more research is needed for the use of vegetation or some technologies for the removal or reduction of the pollutant load in wetlands, since each drinking water treatment plant will require a treatment system for wastewater, which in turn requires a wastewater treatment system as well
Resumen El crecimiento de la población y la urbanización imponen una mayor presión al tratamiento de agua potable. Por otra parte, las diferentes unidades de tratamiento, como decantadores y filtros, acumulan altas concentraciones de hierro (Fe) y manganeso (Mn), las cuales, en muchos casos, son descargadas en el ambiente sin ningún tratamiento cuando se hace mantenimiento. Este artículo evalúa la efectividad de humedales subsuperficiales de flujo vertical para la remoción de Fe y Mn provenientes de agua residual en plantas de tratamiento de agua potable, tomando como ejemplo un humedal de flujo ascendente a escala piloto, con un lecho de grava y dos tipos de plantas: C. esculenta y P. australis en El Hormiguero (Cali, Colombia). El sistema piloto consistió en tres humedales verticales de flujo ascendente, dos de ellos plantados y el tercero sin plantas, como control. Los humedales se organizaron en paralelo, cada uno formado por tres lechos de grava de diferente diámetro. Los resultados mostraron que no hubo diferencia significativa en el porcentaje de remoción en los tres humedales para turbidez (98 %), Fe (90 %), Fe disuelto (97 %) y Mn (98 %). El oxígeno disuelto presentó una diferencia significativa entre los humedales plantados y el control. C. esculenta tuvo la concentración más alta de Fe en la raíz, con (103.5 ± 20.8) μg/g; mientras que P. australis tuvo el promedio más alto de concentraciones de Fe en hojas y tallos, con (45.7 ± 24) μg/g y (41.4 ± 9.1) μg/g, respectivamente. Se concluye que los humedales subsuperficiales pueden ser una alternativa interesante para el tratamiento de aguas residuales en el mantenimiento de plantas de tratamiento de agua potable. Sin embargo, se requiere más investigación sobre el uso de vegetación u otras tecnologías para la remoción o reducción de la carga contaminante en humedales, ya que cada planta de tratamiento de agua potable o su sistema de tratamiento de aguas residuales con humedales mantendrá el contaminante en el sistema.
Resumo O crescimento da população e da urbanização impõem uma maior pressão ao tratamento de água potável. Adicionalmente, as diferentes unidades de tratamento, como decantadores e filtros, acumulam altas concentrações de ferro (Fe) e manganês (Mn), as quais, em muitos casos, são liberadas no ambiente durante a manutenção, sem receber nenhum tipo de tratamento. Este artigo avaliou a eficácia de zonas úmidas subsuperficiais de fluxo vertical na remoção de Fe e Mn provenientes das águas residuais de estações de tratamento de água potável, usando como exemplo uma zona úmida a escala piloto com fluxo ascendente, leito de cascalho e dois tipos de plantas, C. esculenta e P. australis, localizada em El Hormiguero (Cali, Colombia). O sistema piloto usou três zonas úmidas verticais de fluxo ascendente, duas delas com plantas e a terceira sem plantas, como controle. As zonas húmidas foram organizadas em paralelo, cada uma sendo formada por três leitos de cascalho de diferente diâmetro. Os resultados mostraram que não houve diferença significativa na porcentagem de remoção das três zonas úmidas em termos de turbidez (98 %), Fe (90 %), Fe dissolvido (97 %) e Mn (98 %). O oxigênio dissolvido apresentou uma diferença significativa entre as zonas úmidas plantadas e a controle. C. esculenta teve a concentração mais alta de Fe na raiz, (103.5 ± 20.8) μg/g, em quanto P. au tralis teve a maior média de concentrações de Fe nas folhas e nos talos, (45.7 ± 24) μg/g e (41.4 ± 9.1) μg/g, respetivamente. Concluiuse que as zonas úmidas subsuperficiais podem ser uma alternativa interessante para o tratamento de águas residuais durante a manutenção de estações de tratamento de água potável. No entanto, mais pesquisa é necessária para determinar a importâncias do uso da vegetação ou outras tecnologias para a remoção ou diminuição da carga contaminante nas zonas úmidas, pois cada estação de tratamento de água potável ou sistema de tratamento de águas residuais com zonas úmidas irá manter oconaminante no sistema.
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The antiproliferative of the brown algae Padina australis extracts against cell MCM-B2 (canine benign mammarygland mixed tumor) and cell K562 (human chronic myelogenous leukemia) in vitro was examined. The tested sampleswere water extract (n-hexane fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, and ethanol fraction) and ethanol extract (n-hexanefraction, ethyl acetate fraction, and ethanol fraction). Cytotoxicity was screened using brine shrimp lethality test.The antioxidant activity was determined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl. The antiproliferative activity test wasconducted using trypan blue dye method and cells were counted using hemocytometer. The results showed thatethyl acetate fraction from water extract exhibited significant cytotoxicity with lethal concentration 50 value of200.53 ppm. The ethyl acetate fraction from water extract was then considered for further examination. Results ofantioxidant activity test showed that concentration for inhibitory activity of 50% of the ethyl acetate fraction reached113.37 ppm. This fraction at concentration of 400 ppm could inhibit the growth of MCM-B2 and K562 cancer celllines in vitro reaching 56.90% and 61.54%, respectively. Therefore, the present study suggested that ethyl acetatefraction of P. australis extract demonstrated a potential natural anticancer activity.
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Objective To establish a quantitative analysis of multi-components with single marker (QAMS) for the simultaneous determination of chlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenin acid, caffeic acid, hyperoside, isoquercitrin, astragalin, kaempferol in crude and processed Cuscuta australis, which is proved to be a scientific and feasible method in the quality analysis in C. australis. Methods Six relative correction factors (RCFs) of chlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenin acid, caffeic acid, isoquercitrin, astragalin, kaempferol was established in the HPLC method with the hyperoside as the internal standard (IS), which was to calculate the mass fraction of each. The mass fraction of seven effective constituents in crude and processed C. australis was calculated by the external standard method (ESM) at the same time. Compared with the content results determined by the ESM and QAMS, the feasibility and accuracy of QAMS method were verified. Results The relative correction factor (RCF) was perfect. The detection calculated by QAMS was consistent with the results by ESM. Conclusion The method with a single marker, using the hyperoside as IS, is accurate and feasible for the quantitative analysis of six other effective constituents in C. australis.
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Objective Using authentic raw herbal materials is fundamental to herbal medicine quality. Cuscuta chinensis and C. australis are two important species of Cuscutae Semen recorded in Chinese Pharmacopoeia. Due to having tiny bodies of seeds, it is extremely difficult to differentiate them from adulterants and closely related species by morphologic characteristics, leading to serious safety problems. Methods In this study, we developed a fast and efficient method to identify Cuscutae Semen on the market. First, a total of 207 ITS2 sequences representing 45 related species of Cuscutae Semen were collected to construct a standard DNA barcode database, then 33 commercial samples purchased from markets were analyzed by BLAST, and Neighbor-joining tree was used to verify the efficacy of the database. Results The percentage of counterfeits and adulterants in the 33 commercial samples were up to 69.7%, and only 10 commercial products were found to be genuine. The adulterated species included 11 species (Amaranthus hybridus, Brassica carinata, Brassica juncea var. megarrhiza, Chenopodium album, Corispermum heptapotamicum, Cuscuta alata, Cuscuta japonica, Cuscuta monogyna, Foeniculum vulgare, Glycine max, and Medicago sativa). Conclusion DNA barcoding is a fast and efficient method to identify Cuscutae Semen on the market.
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ABSTRACT: Rhipicephalus ( Boophilus) species are monoxenous ticks with seasonal distribution in tropical and subtropical regions. For many years, Rhipicephalus micropluswas considered as a single species; however, further analysis split these ticks into two distinct species. Because R. microplusand R. australisshare similar attributes, it is hard to discriminate these two species and explain the changes in the classification of these parasites over the past decades. The reappearance of R. australisis an outcome of new research, which has afforded to better characterize these probably cryptic species. Evidence based on morphological features, the lack of conspecificity, microsatellite markers, mitochondrial 12S and 16S ribosomal DNA, and mitochondrial genome supports the re-classification of R. microplusas different species. Therefore, populations of R. microplusfrom Australia, Cambodia, Philippines, Indonesia, New Caledonia, Borneo, New Guinea, Tahiti and parts of Southeast Asia were recently reinstated as R. australis. Moreover, a better knowledge on the speciation between these two species could pave the way to important advances in tick control strategies.
RESUMO: As espécies pertencentes ao gênero Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) são carrapatos monoxenos de distribuição sazonal em regiões tropicais e subtropicais. Por muito anos, duas espécies de carrapatos foram consideradas como Rhipicephalus microplus.Contudo, estudos recentes reclassificaram esse carrapato em duas espécies: R. micropluse R. australis. Em razão de diversas semelhanças entre R. micropluse R. australis,distinguir essas duas espécies torna-se uma tarefa árdua, o que explica as mudanças de classificação dessas espécies nas últimas décadas. O reaparecimento da espécie R. australissurge com novas pesquisas, resultado de uma melhor caracterização dessas prováveis espécies crípticas. Evidências baseadas em análises das características morfológicas, na ausência de co-especificidade, em marcadores de microssatélites, no DNA ribossomal mitocondrial 12S e 16S, assim como no genoma mitocondrial, suportam a re-classificação de R. micropluscomo duas espécies distintas. Nesse sentido, populações de R. microplusda Austrália, Camboja, Nova Caledônia, Bornéo, Filipinas, Nova Guiné, Indonésia e Taiti foram recentemente renomeadas como R. australis. Além disso, um melhor entendimento sobre a especiação e localização dessas duas espécies pode trazer avanços importantes para melhorar as estratégias de controle desses carrapatos.
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ABSTRACT The internal part of the stem bark of this species is used to produce a homemade ointment in some regions of the state of Rio Grande do Sul. The purpose of this study is to characterize the morphoanatomy and identify the compounds present in the internal part of the stem bark of S. australis through chemical and histochemical methods. In addition, the best extraction conditions for the sample were determined. It was possible to quantify the rutin and total phenolic compounds, as well as define the Soxhlet method with an 80% hydroethanolic solution as the best method for extracting these compounds from the bark of the species. The portion of the stem bark that is popularly used could also be determined. Based on the results, new studies will be performed in order to identify other characteristics of the species and the possible reasons that sustain its traditional use.
RESUMO Sambucus australis Cham. & Schtdl. (Adoxaceae) é uma espécie arbórea nativa do sul do Brazil, conhecida como “sabugueiro”. A parte interna da casca do caule dessa espécie é utilizada na produção de uma pomada caseira em algumas regiões do estado do Rio Grande do Sul. O objetivo desse estudo é caracterizar a morfoanatomia e identificar compostos presentes na parte interna da casca do caule de S. australis por métodos químicos e histoquímicos. Ademais, realizou-se avaliações para determinar as melhores condições extrativas para a amostra. Foi possível quantificar rutina e compostos fenólicos totais, além de determinar o método Soxhlet com solvente hidroetanólico 80% como o melhor método para extrair esses compostos da casca da espécie. Ainda foi possível determinar a porção da casca do caule utilizada popularmente. Com base nos resultados, novas investigações serão realizadas a fim de determinar mais características da espécie e as possíveis razões que corroboram o uso tradicional.
Subject(s)
Sambucus/chemistry , Plant Bark/classification , Adoxaceae/chemistry , Wound HealingABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to report the first recovery and characterization of Leptospira interrogans (serogroup Australis) from urine of swine in Brazil. The isolate was studied by serogrouping, MLVA, PGFE, and partial sequencing of rrs and secY. It was serogrouped as serogroup Australis, probably serovar Bratislava (titre 1,600), and sequenced as Leptospira interrogans. The MLVA and PGFE profiles also suggested the isolate as serovar Bratislava, since they were indistinguishable from reference strains Balico and Jez Bratislava. This is the first Leptospira interrogans serogroup Australis isolate, probably serovar Bratislava, obtained in Brazil...
O objetivo deste estudo foi relatar o primeiro isolamento e caracterização de Leptospira interrogans (sorogrupo Australis) a partir da urina de suínos no Brasil. O isolado foi caracterizado por sorogrupagem, MLVA, PGFE, e sequenciamento parcial de rrs e secY. Este foi identificado como pertencente ao sorogurpo Australis, provavelmente sorovar Bratislava (título 1600) e sequenciado como Leptospira interrogans. Os perfis de MLVA e PGFE também sugeriram o isolado como sorovar Bratislava, uma vez que estes foram indistinguíveis das cepas de referência Balico e Jez Bratislva. Este é o primeiro isolado de Leptospira interrogans sorogrupo Australis, provavelmente sorovar Bratislava, obtido no Brasil...
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Female , Leptospira interrogans serovar australis/isolation & purification , Swine/microbiology , Urinalysis/veterinary , Leptospirosis/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Las características anatómicas e histológicas del tracto alimentario de la merluza austral (Merluccius australis) se han estudiado con el fin de comprender la fisiología digestiva y formular alimentos balanceados adecuados. M. australis posee un esófago corto, un estómago en forma de y grande y un intestino corto. Histológicamente, el tracto digestivo está formado por cuatro capas: la mucosa, submucosa, muscularis y la serosa. El esófago es un órgano tubular corto de pared gruesa con una gran capacidad de distensión y abundantes células caliciformes secretoras de mucus que permite el paso de grandes presas. El estómago es grande y musculoso, con alta capacidad de distensión. No se observo la presencia de apéndices pilóricos. El intestino es corto y dividido en regiones: proximal, medio y distal. En la región anterior del intestino se observaron abundantes células caliciformes, que disminuyeron en la región media para finalmente dispersarse en la región posterior. Además, los enterocitos mostraron un aumento en la presencia de vacuolas supranuclear en la región posterior del intestino. Los resultados de este estudio anatómico e histológico indican que M. australis tiene un sistema digestivo similar a otros peces gadiformes, el cual está adaptado para digerir y absorber presas ricas en proteínas, principalmente pescados y crustáceos.
The anatomy and histology features of alimentary tract of southern hake (Merluccius australis) have been studied in order to understand the digestive physiology and formulate suitable feeds. M. australis has a short oesophagus, large y-shaped stomach and short intestine, and histologically, the digestive tract is formed by four layers: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis and serosa. The oesophagus is a short tubular thick-walled organ with a great distension capacity and abundant mucus secreting goblet cells allowing the passage of large preys. The stomach is large and muscular with high capability for distension. Pyloric caeca were not present. The intestine is short and divided into a proximal middle and distal segment. In the anterior region of the intestine was observed abundant goblet cells, which decreased in the middle region and finally dispersed in the posterior region. Additionally, enterocytes showed an increase in the presence of supranuclear vacuoles at the posterior region of the intestine. The results of this anatomical and histological study indicate that M. australis has a digestive tract similar to other gadiform fishes, which is adapted to digest and absorb protein-rich preys, mainly fish and crustacean.
Subject(s)
Animals , Gastrointestinal Tract/anatomy & histology , Fishes/anatomy & histology , Gadiformes/anatomy & histologyABSTRACT
Objective: To identify the major organic compounds of Artemisia australis (A. australis), a plant used in traditional Hawaiian medicine for the treatment of asthma.Methods:The dichloromethane extract of A. australis was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy and major compounds were identified by a National Institute of Standards and Technology library search and confirmed by peak enhancement.Results:The major chemical components of A. australis include eucalyptol, borneol, and caryophyllene.Conclusions:The presence and biological activity of eucalyptol correlate very well with the usage of this plant in traditional Hawaiian medicine.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To identify the major organic compounds of Artemisia australis (A. australis), a plant used in traditional Hawaiian medicine for the treatment of asthma.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The dichloromethane extract of A. australis was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy and major compounds were identified by a National Institute of Standards and Technology library search and confirmed by peak enhancement.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The major chemical components of A. australis include eucalyptol, borneol, and caryophyllene.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The presence and biological activity of eucalyptol correlate very well with the usage of this plant in traditional Hawaiian medicine.</p>
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Objective: To identify the major organic compounds of Artemisia australis (A. australis), a plant used in traditional Hawaiian medicine for the treatment of asthma. Methods: The dichloromethane extract of A. australis was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy and major compounds were identified by a National Institute of Standards and Technology library search and confirmed by peak enhancement. Results: The major chemical components of A. australis include eucalyptol, borneol, and caryophyllene. Conclusions: The presence and biological activity of eucalyptol correlate very well with the usage of this plant in traditional Hawaiian medicine.
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Hasta el presente reporte, la distribución de la ballena franca austral en el Pacífico Sur se extendía hasta los 15°08S en la bahía San Fernando, Ica. Previamente, ballenas francas australes en Perú fueron registradas en noviembre de 1987 en Ilo, Moquegua y setiembre de 1996 en Atico, Arequipa. Estos registros podrían corresponder a una recuperación de la población del Pacífico Sudeste, la cual ha sido declarada En Peligro Crítico por la IUCN. Aquí reportamos un par madre-cría de ballenas francas australes avistados en el distrito de Chorrillos, en Lima, el 20 de agosto de 2012, desde las 9:30 h por un período de 4 horas hasta la 13:30 h
Before this report, the distribution in the South Eastern Pacific of the Southern Right whales was knew until to 15°08S in San Fernando Bay, Ica. Previously, southern right whales in Perú were recorded in November 1987 in Ilo, Moquegua and September 1996 in Atico, Arequipa. These records could show the possible recovery in the southeastern Pacific of the right whale population, which has been declared Critically Endangered by the IUCN. We reported a mother-calf pair sighting on August 20, 2012 in Chorrillos district, Lima from 9:30 h to 13:30 h for 4 hours
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Male capacity for spreading genes to a great number of descendents and to determine population dynamics depend directly on the genital organs. Morphological studies in pinnipeds are scarce and the functional meaning of some characteristics has never been discussed. We hypothesized that Arctocephalus australis (A. australis) shows morphophysiological adaptations in order to guarantee the perpetuation of the species in the unique annual mating season. Seven males, dead from natural causes, had their genital organs collected and fixed for morphological description. Some features differ from other described mammalian males and are closely related to the biology and reproductive cycle of this species, as the scrotal epidermis, absence of glandular portion in the ductus deferens and spermatogenic epithelium suggest a recrudescent testis period. The corona glandis exhibits a singular arrangement: its erectile border looks like a formation of petals and its association with the os penis gives a "lily-flower" form to this region. We propose the name margo petaliformis to this particular erectile border of the corona glandis because of its similarity to a flower corola. The male genital organs of A. australis show morphological features compatible with adaptation to environment requirements and reproductive efficiency.(AU)
A capacidade do macho de espalhar seus genes a um grande número de descendentes e determinar a dinâmica populacional depende diretamente dos seus órgãos genitais. Estudos morfológicos em pinípedes são escassos e o significado funcional de algumas de suas características ecológicas ainda foi pouco discutido. Nossa hipótese é que Arctocephalus australis (A. australis) apresenta adaptações morfofisiológicas em seus órgãos genitais capazes de interagir com o meio e garantir a perpetuação da espécie que apresenta apenas uma época de acasalamento que ocorre uma vez a cada ano. Sete A. australis machos, mortos recentes por causas naturais, tiveram seus órgãos genitais coletados e fixados para a descrição macro, micro e ultraestrutural. Algumas características diferem de outros machos já descritos e estão intimamente relacionados com a biologia e ciclo reprodutivo da espécie, dentre elas podemos citar a alta queratinização da epiderme escrotal que pode se relacionar com as rotineiras lesões por atrito desta região nas pedras; a ausência da porção glandular do ducto deferente aqui descrita pela primeira vez, o epitélio espermatogênico sugere um período de testículo recrudescente. A glande apresenta um arranjo singular: a coroa da glande apresenta porção lateral de tecido esponjoso que são bordas livres com capacidade de intumescencia. O osso peniano se encontra no centro destas bordas e representa a extremidade mais distal do penis, levando consigo o óstio uretral externo. As bordas associadas ao osso peniano, dão uma forma de "Flor de lírio" a esta região. Utilizamos o nome margo petaliformis a margem erétil liliforme a particular morfologia da glande, pela sua semelhança a uma corola de flor. Os órgãos genitais masculinos de A. australis mostram características morfológicas compatíveis com uma adaptação aos requisitos ambientais e de eficiência reprodutiva.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Sea Lions/anatomy & histology , Sea Lions/classification , Genitalia, MaleABSTRACT
The increasing demand for energy, limited resources of fossil fuel, as well as pollution of the environment and changes in the global climate have raised more interest about the renewable resources. The use of renewable resources has become a very important part of European Union policy. The aim of the paper was to analyse reed resources in Latvia, its dynamics, volume and quality to produce clean energy. The use of reeds as a renewable energy resource contributes in minimizing fossil fuel consumption. The paper presents the results of a research of reed resources in lakes of Latgale (a region in Latvia). The investigation of reed resources showed that in the region they are scattered and rational usage of them is connected with environmental aspects. The greatest amounts of reed resources are concentrated in the biggest lake in Latvia - Lubana Lake and near to it. Studies show ed that the reed areas in Lubana Lake and Kvapanu ponds have doubled since 1997 and as a result these water reservoirs are becoming overgrown. Using direct measurement methods and metering from distance, it was stated that the total reed resources of greatest Lake - Lubanas are about 6830 tons year-1 in area of 734 hectares and are situated in 701 reed blocks. The aggregated reed resources of Latgale region are 18 000 tons year-1 of dry biomass. The investigation proved that reed resources of the region are sufficient to replace up to 21 thousand tons of different fossil fuels. The physical properties of the reed were measured. Carbon quantity, ash content and structure, moisture content proved that reeds are a profitable fuel for heat energy production. Balanced harvesting of reed gives a positive influence on environment.
ABSTRACT
Parasite infections caused by Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus are responsible for the most of economic losses in producing-cattle countries in tropical and subtropical areas. Indiscriminate uses of chemical acaricides have contributed with the appearance of tick resistance to many drugs available in the marketplace, and it is a serious problem in the tick control. Flowers of Sambucus australis (South America), called "sabugueiro-from-Brazil", are used on infusions or decoctions forms in the folk medicine with diuretic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, and laxative purpose, also employed for treating respiratory diseases in human. The main goal of this study was to evaluate in vitro potential of S. australis leaves extracts as an acaricide agent. Ethanol extract at 70 percent has been dehydrated and a fraction was suspended in 70 percent ethanol or in distillated water at final concentration of 2 percent (0.2mg-1). Using the immersion test of engorged females the efficiency results were obtained in 34 percent and 66 percent with the leaves extract diluted in water and 70 percent ethanol, respectively. This study is the first report on acaricidal activity of S. australis against cattle tick. Further studies to determine the active metabolites in different stages of S. australis could aid to identify suitable extracts to be tested in the R. (B.) microplus control.
A infestação por Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus é responsável por grandes perdas econômicas em países produtores de bovinos nas áreas tropicais e subtropicais. Usos indiscriminados de acaricidas químicos têm contribuído para o aparecimento da resistência dos ixodídeos a múltiplas drogas, representando um sério problema no controle de carrapatos. As flores da planta Sambucus australis, conhecidas pelo nome popular de sabugueiro do Brasil, são usadas, na forma de infusão ou emplastros, na medicina popular como diurético, antipirético, antiinflamatório e laxativo; também empregado no tratamento de doenças respiratórias em humanos. O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial in vitro de extratos de folhas de S. australis, como agente carrapaticida. O extrato etanólico a 70 por cento foi dessecado e retomado parte em etanol a 70 por cento ou em água destilada, numa concentração final de 2 por cento (0,2mg-1). No biocarrapaticidograma obteve-se resultados de eficácia entre 34 por cento e 66 por cento para o extrato de folhas diluído em água e etanol a 70 por cento, respectivamente. Esse estudo é o primeiro relato de ação carrapaticida de S. australis. Estudos adicionais para determinar os metabólitos ativos, em diferentes estágios de S. australis, fornecerão subsídios para identificar os extratos apropriados a serem testados no controle do R. (B.) microplus.
ABSTRACT
Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) technique was used for the determination of trace elements in wild red edible algae. The elements so far detected were discussed for their importance in the food item in addition to the monitoring the pollution levels of the fresh water where they grew as algae is one of the best bioaccumulator of heavy elements.
ABSTRACT
Objetivos. Los roedores son los mayores depredadores de semillas en ecosistemas neotropicales, sin embargo, la fragmentación afecta su presencia y por ende la depredación de semillas. Materiales y métodos. Se reconoció el porcentaje y la tasa de remoción de semillas por roedores en zonas de interior, borde y pastizal de un fragmento de bosque seco en el sector Cerritos La Virginia (RisaraldaColombia). Entre marzo y julio de 2003 se identificaron los roedores presentes en el bosque con la ayuda de 60 trampas Sherman ubicadas en diferentes zonas del fragmento. Para obtener el porcentaje y la tasa de remoción de semillas por roedores fueron aplicados dos experimentos (primero en junio y el segundo en julio) con un diseño de bloques aleatorios usando tres tipos de encierros: total (acceso a insectos), parcial (acceso a roedores) y control (acceso a cualquier organismo), teniendo en cuenta la ubicación en el fragmento (interior-borde-pastizal). Durante el primer experimento (junio) fueron utilizadas7200 semillas de Samanea saman y 6000 semillas durante el segundo (julio). Resultados. Se capturaron 4 individuos de Heteromys australis al interior del bosque. En junio 1577 (44.87%) semillas fueron removidas por los roedores al interior del bosque. En julio se removieron 1620 semillas de las cuales el 60.5% fue por roedores al interior del bosque. Conclusiones. Los resultados reflejan una mayor remoción de semillas por roedores al interior del bosque donde el riesgo de depredación y la disponibilidad de refugio son más altos.
Subject(s)
Cricetinae , Guinea Pigs , Rodentia , Seeds , ColombiaABSTRACT
Comportamiento maternal de Arctocephalus australis, En los mamíferos, generalmente las hembras realizan el cuidado de la progenie repartiendo su inversión entre las crías presentes y futuras, maximizando la relación costo-beneficio. La variación en los comportamientos del cuidado maternal puede afectar en forma diferencial la supervivencia de las crías. A. australis se presenta como un interesante modelo para evaluar la incidencia de los diferentes componentes del cuidado maternal en la supervivencia del cachorro e investigar la ocurrencia de variación mensual y diaria de los comportamientos madre-cría. Diariamente se registró la presencia de hembras marcadas en la colonia mediante muestreos focales y de barrido. La frecuencia de los estados y eventos comportamentales variaron entre los meses de muestreo. Los viajes de alimentación de las madres exhibieron una duración muy variable, y el patrón de viajes-asistencia así como la permanencia de la madre con su cría incidieron en la supervivencia de los cachorros. Los resultados se discuten enmarcados en diferentes hipótesis
In mammals, paternal care is usually performed by females, dividing their investment between present and future offspring and maximizing the cost-benefit relationship. Variation in maternal care behaviour can affect pups survival differentially. A. australis is an interest model to assess the incidence of different components of maternal care behaviour on pups survival, as well as the monthly and daily variation in mother-calf behaviour. The presence of marked females at the rookery was recorded using focal and scanning sampling methods. State and event frequencies changed between months. Feeding trips had highly variable duration and the survival was strongly affected by the foraging cycle strategy used and the mother-pup contact recorded. The results are discussed in the frame of different hypotheses